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Perception - General Psychology

SENSATION

 activation of receptors located in the eyes, ears, skin, nasal cavities, and tongue

PERCEPTION

the interpretation and organization of sensation






SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Sensory receptors: specialized forms of neurons that are activated by different stimuli such as light and sound
“Just noticeable difference”: the point at which a stimulus is detectable half the time it is present




IGNORING SENSATIONS

Habituation: ignoring a constant stimulus
Sensory adaptation: sensory neurons stop responding to constant stimuli



TWO TYPES OF PROCESSING INFORMATION

Top-down processing: knowledge organizes
individual features into a unified whole
Bottom-up processing: analysis of smaller
feature builds up to a complete perception



LIGHT

Light: a form of electromagnetic radiation described by wavelength and amplitude
Color: determined by the length of the light  waves.

Brightness: determined by the amplitude of the waves

Saturation: the purity of color that people see






THE EYE

 




TRICHROMATIC THEORY 
the theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue and green


OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY  
the theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow



COLOR BLINDNESS

Monochrome color blindness –sees only shades of gray
Red-green color blindness – either red or green cones are not working




PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES

Size Constancy: the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

Shape Constancy: the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina


Brightness Constancy: the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change




DEPTH PERCEPTION

the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

Monocular cues – cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only 

Binocular cues – cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes
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